INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
(Understanding the Workplace)
Chapter 1
Industrial / organizational psychology is the application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace. Studies of psychologists, among others, the attitudes and behavior of employees and employers Levy, P. E. (2010).
1. Interpersonal Relationships at work
2. Organizational Structure and Organizational Policy
3. Complex Motivational and Leadership Processes
4. Both Individual and Organizational Performance
5. Organizational context, culture and climate
6. and the compatibility between people and work.
The Importance of Industrial / organizational Psychology in the 21st Century
Dalam
bukunya Levy, P. E. (2010) menjelaskan bahwa terdapat beberapa perubahan dratis dalam dunia kerja.
1. First, whereas war defined the geopolitical scene of the 20th century, economics will be the defining issue of the 21st century. We hear the term global competition thrown about a great deal and for good reason. the United States can no longer expect to freely and easily make a profit. Global competition will continue to require that we have a skilled, welltrained, and competent workforce to compare favorably with the many, many countries that are now our competitors.
2. Second, new technology has decreased the number of traditional jobs for workers and organizations. At the same time, downsizing has occurred at an alarming rate.
a. Between 1987 and 1992, more than 6 million employees were laid off and in 2005 alone, 1.8 million workers lost their jobs in the United States as a result of mass layoffs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.). in January of 2009 with unemployment rates spiraling. Companies are always looking to be more competitive, more efficient, and leaner, but the result is that fewer employees are left to do the work that needs to be done, often being asked to do more for less.
b. Industrial / organizational psychology is thus important for (1) helping laid-off workers become competitive for other jobs and (2) helping those left behind handle more diverse jobs and sometimes a heavier workload.
3. Third, one of the latest trends in organizations is “flatter” organizational structures, which means that middle-level management is often cut out of the organization entirely. In order for companies to run with this sleeker structure, they often emphasize the empowerment of workers. No longer is it typical for organizations to have a manager for every 10 employees; now an upper-level manager may supervise 50 employees in teams of 10.
4. Finally, the workplace is becoming more diverse in terms of race, gender, age, and ethnicity.This diversity requires much more coordination and sensitivity to “differences” on the part of management and employees. An additional complication is that our workforce is diverse in terms of thoughts, expectations, and culture as well.
Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODS IN Industrial / Organizational Psychology
Science is a process or method for generating a body of knowledge. It’s important to note that this term refers not to a body of knowledge but, rather, to the process or method used in producing that body of knowledge.
Goals of Science
There are many different lists of science goals or objectives, but I will use the list described by Larry Christensen (1994) because this is most consistent with my thinking about the problem.
1. First, there are descriptions, accurate depictions or descriptions of interesting phenomena. In our example, this is the focus of the non scientist approach to understanding only the phenomena and describing where employees are more productive when given a vote by the organization.
2. second, in an effort to better understand phenomena, scientists focus on explanations namely, on gathering knowledge about why the phenomenon exists or what causes it. This usually requires identification of one or more predecessors, which is a condition that comes before the phenomenon.
3. The third goal of science is prediction, which refers to the ability to anticipate an event before its actual event. Accurate predictions require that we have an understanding of the explanation of phenomena so that we can anticipate when that phenomenon occurs.
4. The last goal of science is control of the phenomenon specifically, the manipulation of antecedent conditions to affect behavior. Ideally, we’d like to have a sufficiently complete understanding of the phenomenon so that we can manipulate or control variables to increase or decrease the occurrences of the phenomenon.
Theories
A theory is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts),definitions,and propositions that present a systematic view of a phenomenon by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomenon Kerlinger,1986 (in Levy, P. E., 2010).
Ethics
Industrial / organizational psychology and other researchers are expected to maintain a sense of ethics while doing their work. We will consider things like ethical reasoning, moral judgment, and ethical behavior. There are various sets of ethical and professional rules and regulations governing the work of psychologists.The chief ethical code for psychologists is the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association (APA). It covers the work of psychologists in research, teaching, clinical practice, and organizational consulting, among other areas.
The code consists of five general principles that serve as goals for psychologists:
1. Helping others while doing no harm
2. Establishing relationships based on trust
3. Maintaining high integrity in teaching, research, and the practice of psychology
4. Being fair and just in all professional relationships and actions
5. Respecting the rights and dignity of all people
Types of Research Designs
a. Experimental Methods
b. Observational Methods
KESIMPULAN:
Berdasarkan buku Levy, P. E. (2010) diatas bahwa psikologi industri dan organisasi adalah sebuah penerapan prinsip dari teori psikologi di tempat kerja. menerapkan studi psikologi sikap dan perilaku terhadap karyawan. Psikologi Industrial / organizational memiliki sejarah yang kaya, meskipun relatif singkat. Meskipun awalnya berawal sekitar pergantian abad ke-20, pertumbuhannya sebagai medan muncul dengan Perang Dunia I, ketika psikolog Industrial / organizational dipekerjakan oleh pemerintah untuk melatih, menguji, dan mengukur kinerja tentara. Berlanjut ke Perang Dunia II, gerakan hak-hak sipil tahun 1960-an. Psikologi Industrial / Organizational diposisikan untuk peran yang terus meningkat dalam dunia kerja yang terus berubah di abad ke-21. Pada Chapter 2 menjelaskan tentang Research Methods secara teoritis, etika yang digunakan dalam penelitian Psikologi Industri / Organisasi, dan tipe design penelitian yang di gunakan oleh Psikologi Industri / Organisasi.
REFRENSI
Levy, P. E. (2010). Industrial Organizational
Psychology: Understanding The Workplace. Third Edition.